SPECIALITIES
Breast Cancer
Breast
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the breast. It can occur in both men and women, but it is more common in women. Symptoms of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, changes in the size or shape of the breast, and discharge from the nipple. Other symptoms may include pain or tenderness in the breast, changes in the skin over the breast, and changes in the nipple. Breast cancer can be treated with a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. Early detection is key to successful treatment and survival, so regular breast cancer screenings are recommended for all women.
Lung Cancer
Lung
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lungs and affects the airways and surrounding tissue. It is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Symptoms of lung cancer may include a persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, and weight loss. Other symptoms may include coughing up blood, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. There are several types of lung cancer, including small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The main risk factor for lung cancer is smoking, but other factors such as exposure to air pollution and radiation can also increase the risk.
Skin Cancers
Melonoma
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that occurs when the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) become cancerous. It can appear as a new spot on the skin or a change in an existing mole. Melanoma can be deadly if not detected and treated early. It is important to regularly check the skin for any changes and have a dermatologist examine suspicious moles. Risk factors for melanoma include exposure to UV light, family history, and having fair skin.
BCC ( Basal Cell Cancer )
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer. It occurs when the cells in the lower layer of the skin (the basal cells) become abnormal and divide uncontrollably. BCC typically appears as a small, pearly bump or a flat, scaly patch on the skin, and it is often found on sun-exposed areas of the face, ears, neck, and arms. While BCC is usually not life-threatening, it can cause significant damage to the surrounding tissue if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are important for preventing the spread of BCC.
SCC ( Squamous Cell Cancer )
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that affects the squamous cells, which are the cells in the upper layer of the skin. SCC can appear as a firm, red nodule, or as a scaly, flat lesion on sun-exposed areas of the body such as the face, ears, neck, and arms. SCC can grow quickly and invade surrounding tissue, so early detection and treatment are important. Risk factors for SCC include exposure to UV light, a weakened immune system, and a history of skin damage from the sun or other sources.
Head and Neck Cancers
Tongue
Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that occurs when cancer cells form in the tissues of the tongue. The tongue is a complex and mobile organ that is crucial for speaking, eating, and swallowing. Tongue cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including a persistent sore or lesion on the tongue, difficulty swallowing, and changes in speech or voice. Other symptoms may include pain or numbness in the tongue, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. The cause of tongue cancer is not fully understood, but risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Thyroid
Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Symptoms of thyroid cancer may include a lump or swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, and pain or discomfort in the neck. Other symptoms may include hoarseness or changes in the voice, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. The exact cause of thyroid cancer is not known, but certain risk factors include exposure to radiation, having an enlarged thyroid, and having a family history of thyroid cancer.
Mouth
Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer that affects the tissues of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks. It can also affect the roof and floor of the mouth, the tonsils, and the area at the back of the mouth (oropharynx). Symptoms of mouth cancer may include a persistent sore or lesion in the mouth that does not heal, difficulty swallowing, and changes in speech or voice. Other symptoms may include pain or numbness in the mouth, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. The exact cause of mouth cancer is not known, but risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Nasopharyngeal
Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose. This type of cancer is more common in Southeast Asia and certain African countries. Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer may include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and changes in speech or voice. Other symptoms may include ear pain, a mass in the neck, and hearing loss. The exact cause of nasopharyngeal cancer is not known, but risk factors include exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, a history of head and neck cancer, and a family history of nasopharyngeal cancer.
Gastrointestinal Cancers
Stomach
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the lining of the stomach. The stomach is a muscular sac that mixes food with digestive juices and helps to break down food. Stomach cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, indigestion, and a loss of appetite. Other symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, weight loss, and fatigue. The exact cause of stomach cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of stomach cancer, chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, and a diet that is high in smoked and salted foods.
Esophagus
Esophageal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Esophageal cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), chest pain, and weight loss. Other symptoms may include hoarseness or changes in the voice, heartburn, and indigestion. The exact cause of esophageal cancer is not known, but risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Colorectal
Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine. Colorectal cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation), abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. Other symptoms may include weakness or fatigue, unintended weight loss, and anemia. The exact cause of colorectal cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of colorectal cancer, age (the risk increases as you get older), and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Pancreas
Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the pancreas, an organ that is located in the abdomen and is responsible for producing digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin. Pancreatic cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Other symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, changes in appetite, and fatigue. The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of pancreatic cancer, age (the risk increases as you get older), smoking, and certain inherited genetic conditions. Treatment for pancreatic cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and the best course of treatment will depend on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.
Gynecologic Cancers
Ovarian
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the ovaries, which are the reproductive organs in women that produce eggs and hormones. Ovarian cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, and a feeling of fullness even after a light meal. Other symptoms may include changes in bowel habits (such as constipation), a frequent need to urinate, and fatigue. The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of ovarian cancer, age (the risk increases as you get older), and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Uterine
Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the uterus, the muscular pear-shaped organ in the female reproductive system. Uterine cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after menopause), pelvic pain, and a feeling of fullness in the pelvis. Other symptoms may include fatigue, changes in bowel habits, and a frequent need to urinate. The exact cause of uterine cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of uterine cancer, age (the risk increases as you get older), and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Peritoneal
Peritoneal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the peritoneum, the thin layer of tissue that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. Peritoneal cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, and a feeling of fullness even after a light meal. Other symptoms may include changes in bowel habits (such as constipation), a frequent need to urinate, and fatigue. The exact cause of peritoneal cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of peritoneal cancer, exposure to certain chemicals, and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Cervical
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially between periods or after sexual intercourse), pelvic pain, and a feeling of fullness in the pelvis. Other symptoms may include fatigue, changes in bowel habits, and a frequent need to urinate. The exact cause of cervical cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of cervical cancer, exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV), and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Urology
Prostate
Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the prostate gland, a small, walnut-shaped gland in the male reproductive system that produces semen. Prostate cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty urinating, weak or interrupted flow of urine, pain or burning during urination, and blood in the urine or semen. However, many men with prostate cancer have no symptoms, and the condition is often discovered during a routine screening test, such as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test or a digital rectal exam. The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of prostate cancer, age (the risk increases as you get older), and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Bladder
Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the bladder, the muscular organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. Bladder cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including blood in the urine, pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, and difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine. However, many people with bladder cancer have no symptoms, and the condition is often discovered during a routine screening test, such as a urinalysis. The exact cause of bladder cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of bladder cancer, exposure to certain chemicals, and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Testicular
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the testicles, the two male reproductive glands that produce sperm. Testicular cancer is most commonly diagnosed in young and middle-aged men. It can cause a range of symptoms, including a painless lump or swelling in the testicles, a heavy or aching feeling in the scrotum, and a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin. However, many men with testicular cancer have no symptoms, and the condition is often discovered during a routine self-examination.
Kidney
Kidney cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the kidneys, the two bean-shaped organs located in the upper part of the abdomen that filter waste from the blood. Kidney cancer can cause a range of symptoms, including blood in the urine, pain in the side or lower back, a lump or mass in the side or lower back, and weight loss. However, many people with kidney cancer have no symptoms, and the condition is often discovered during a routine medical test, such as a CT scan or ultrasound. The exact cause of kidney cancer is not known, but risk factors include a family history of kidney cancer, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Other Types of Cancers
Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are abnormal growths of cells in the brain that can disrupt normal brain function. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Brain tumors can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the tumor. These may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, mood swings, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and problems with balance or coordination. The exact cause of brain tumors is not known, but risk factors include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, and certain inherited genetic conditions.
Sarcoma
Sarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the connective tissues of the body, such as bones, cartilage, fat, muscle, and blood vessels. Sarcomas can occur anywhere in the body and can be classified into different types, depending on the type of connective tissue affected. Sarcoma can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the tumor, such as pain, swelling, difficulty moving a joint, or a visible lump or mass. The exact cause of sarcoma is not known, but some factors that may increase the risk of developing sarcoma include exposure to certain chemicals and radiation, and certain inherited genetic conditions.